For example:
- Paul rides a bicycle.
* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle. - We buy some books to learn English verbs.
* In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.
Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
Examples:
- Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
- In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
- She travels to work by train.
- We walked five miles to a garage.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
- Adjectives can come before nouns: a new house
- Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that house looks new
- They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive house
- They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the house expensive
ADVERB SPELLING NOTES
- Adjectives ending -l still take -ly; careful-carefully.
- Adjectives ending -y change to -ily; lucky-luckily
- Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly; responsible-responsibly
ADVERB OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner modify a verb to describe the way the action is done.
Example: She did the work carefully.
('Carefully' modifies the verb to describe the way the work was done, as opposed to quickly, carelessly, etc..)
ADVERB OF PLACE or LOCATION
Adverbs of place show where the action is done.
Example: They live locally.
ADVERB OF TIME
Adverbs of time show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency.
Example: He did it yesterday. (When)
They are permanently busy. (Duration)
She never does it. (Frequency)
ADVERB OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree increase or decrease the effect of the verb.
Example: I completely agree with you. (This increases the effect of the verb, whereas 'partially' would decrease it.)
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
An adjective can be modified by an adverb, which precedes the adjective, except 'enough' which comes after.
Example: That's really good.
It was a terribly difficult time for all of us.
It wasn't good enough. ('Enough' comes after the adjective.)
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS
An adverb can modify another. As with adjectives, the adverb precedes the one it is modifying with 'enough' being the exception again.
Example: She did it really well.
He didn't come last night, funnily enough.
ADVERBS MODIFYING NOUNS
Adverbs can modify nouns to indicate time or place.
Example: The concert tomorrow
Example: The room upstairs
ADVERBS MODIFYING NOUN PHRASES
Some adverbs of degree can modify noun phrases.
Example: We had quite a good time.
They're such good friends.
ADVERBS MODIFYING DETERMINERS, NUMERALS & PRONOUNS
Adverbs such as almost; nearly; hardly; about, etc., can be used:
Example: Almost everybody came in the end.
Indefinite articles - a and an (determiners)
A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before:
Examples:
- I ate an apple this morning
- I bought a pet for my son
You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
Pronunciation changes this rule:
If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we use an.
- We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity".
So, "a university" is correct. - We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our".
So, "an hour" is correct.
Definite Article - the (determiners)
You use the when you know that the listener knows or can work out what particular person/thing you are talking about.
Example:
- The dog (that specific dog)
- The apple (that specific apple)
Example:
- She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen.
Example:
- the Middle East, the West
Example:
- the Nile, the Pacific
Example:
- the rain, the sun, the wind
Example:
- "I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing."
- For example: We eat at home and work in the office (The conjunction "and" joins the sentences: "we eat at home" with "we work in the office").
There are two kinds of conjunctions
- Coordinating.
- Subordinating.
Coordinating Coordinating conjunctions are used when we want to join two sentences that work at the same level of importance in our speech, both actions are equally important.
Subordinating Subordinating conjunctions are used to join two sentences when one of them is depending on the first one. The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating conjunctions".
A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist alone. For example: "Although I work hard" does not make any sense. But a main or independent clause can exist alone. For example: "I'm still broke."
NOUNS
Definition: A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.
For example:
- Table
- Pencil
- The dog
- A white house
Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts.
For example:
- birth
- happiness
- evolution
- technology, etc.
Noun Plurals
We are going to explain some rules that will help you to form the plural forms of the nouns. The general rule is to add "-s" to the noun in singular.
For exaample:
- Book - Books
- House - Houses
- Chair - Chairs
When the singular noun ends in: -sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x, -o we form their plural form by adding "-es".
For exaample:
- sandwich - sandwiches
- brush - brushes
- bus - buses
- box - boxes
- potato - potatoes
When the singular noun ends in "y", we change the "y" for "i" and then add "-es" to form the plural form. But do not change the "y" for "ies" to form the plural when the singular noun ends in "y" preceded by a vowel.
For exaample:
- nappy - nappies
- day - days
- toy - toys
However, there are many Irregular Nouns which do not form the plural in this way:
For exaample:
- Woman - Women
- Child - Children
- Sheep - Sheep
Nouns may take an " 's " ("apostrophe s") or "Genitive marker" to indicatepossession. If the noun already has an -s ending to mark the plural, then the genitive marker appears only as an apostrophe after the plural form.
For example:
- my girlfriend's brother
- John's house
- The Browns' house
- The boys' pens
The genitive marker should not be confused with the " 's " form of contracted verbs, as in John's a good student = John is a good student.
Noun Gender
Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher", can refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender. For example: A man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress".
For example:
- David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.
- Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.
- The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"
Types of Nouns
- Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as Jhon, France. They usually begin with a capital letter.
- Common nouns are general names such as person, mansion, and book. They can be either concrete or abstract.
- Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as clock and telephone.
- Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty and truth.
- Countable nouns refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural)
- Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity (can only be singular)
There are two participles: The present participle and the past participle. They can both be used as adjectives.
Present participle
The present participle is formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of a verb. It is used in:
- Continuous or Progressive verb forms
- I'm leaving in five minutes.
- The girl is swimming
- As an adjective
- A dying man
- Your mother is a charming person
- As a gerund
- He is afraid of flying.
Past participle
The past participle is formed by adding "-ed" to the base form, unless it is an irregular verb. It is used:
- As an adjective
- A tired group
- Spoken words cannot be revoked.
- With the auxiliary verb "have" to form the perfect aspect
- The gas station has closed
- They've just arrived.
- With the verb "be" to form the passive
- He was robbed a couple of days ago.
- The letter was written.
Prepositions typically come before a noun:
For example:
- after class
- at home
- before Tuesday
- in London
- on fire
- with pleasure
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.
For example:
- The book is on the table.
- The book is beside the table.
- She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.
Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.
For example:
- The book is on the table.
Compound prepositions
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.
For example:
- The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings.
- The book is in front of the clock.
Examples:
- The children climbed the mountain without fear.
- There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
- The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
Rule for Pronouns
A pronoun must agree with the noun it refer. Therefore, if the noun is singular, therefore the pronoun must be singular; if the noun is plural, use a plural pronoun; if the noun is feminine, use a feminine pronoun, and so on.
For example:
- The train was late, it had been delayed.
- The trains were late, they had been delayed.
→ the use of symbols not belonging to the alphabet of a writing system to indicate aspects of the intonation and meaning not otherwise conveyed in the written language. The symbols used for this purpose . The act or an instance of punctuating
Types punctuation
- full stop (.)
- Comma (,)
- Semicolon (;)
- Colon (:)
- Question mark (?)
- Exclamation mark (!)
- Apostrophe (‘)
- Quotation marks (“ “)
- Single quotation marks
- Hyphen (-)
- Dash
- Brackets ( )
- Capital letters
→As the name suggest, these clauses give essential information to define / identify the person / thing we are talking about obviously , this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved . Example :- Dogs that like cats are very unusual.
Types of clauses
1. Adjective clause
→Does the work of an adjective
→Example :- The man who called left his card
2. Adverb Clause
→Does the work of an adverb to some verb , adjective / adverb belonging to some other clause
3. Main clause
→Clause is a group of word which contains a finite verb with a subject , expressed or understood . It is small sentence within a longer sentence
→Example :- He will succeed
He worked so hard
4. Noun clause
→Does the work of noun
1. Subject of verb
∆That he will victim is certain
2. Object of verb
∆He said that he would come
5.Subordinate clause
→The second clause , where angels fear to tread , cannot stand alone . Its maning incomplete . This clause depands on the first clause for its full meaning.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening now.
Examples
The kids are watching TV.
I am sitting down, because I am tired.
I am not learning German, because this is an English class.
Who are you writing to?We can also use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.
Examples
Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.
I am reading a really interesting book now.
How are you brushing up on your English for the trip?
We aren't working hard these days.The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events.
Examples
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday.
Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow.
Are you doing anything tonight?
We aren't going on holiday next week.
SIMPLE PRESENT & PAST TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
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